The Microsoft Certified Application Developer (MCAD)

The Microsoft Certified Application Developer (MCAD) credential provides industry recognition to professional developers who build powerful applications by using Microsoft Visual Studio .NET and Web services on the Microsoft .NET Framework 1.0 and Microsoft .NET Framework 1.1.
If you are a developer who uses the Microsoft .NET Framework 2.0 and Microsoft Visual Studio 2005, consider the following two credentials, which give you a simpler and more targeted framework to highlight your technical and on-the-job skills:
•
Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist (MCTS)
•
Microsoft Certified Professional Developer (MCPD)

How to earn your MCAD
Core exams (two exams required)To fulfill the core certification requirements, pass one exam that is focused on either Web Application Development or Windows Application Development in the language of your choice. Then pass one Web Services and Server Components exam.
Elective exams (one exam required)Besides the core exam requirements, you must also pass one elective exam that provides proof of expertise with a specific Microsoft server product.
The following tables list official Microsoft Learning courses and Microsoft Press books that are designed to help MCAD candidates prepare for the required exams. See individual exam preparation guides for exam availability.

Core exams: Web or Windows Application Development
	Core exams: Web Services and Server Components Development
	Elective exams

Now is the time to validate your Microsoft .NET Framework 1.0 and Microsoft .NET Framework 1.1 developer skills with the Microsoft Certified Application Developer (MCAD) for Microsoft .NET credential. MCAD candidates are required to pass two core exams and one elective exam in an area of specialization. (See the tables that follow for a complete list of exams and related training resources.)

If you are not currently building .NET applications, we recommend you start by learning fundamental Microsoft Visual Studio .NET development skills.

•	Find resources to help you learn development skills

Candidates who create Microsoft .NET Framework 2.0 applications that use Microsoft Visual Studio 2005 should consider pursuing the Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist (MCTS) and Microsoft Certified Professional Developer (MCPD) credentials. These credentials give developers a simpler and more targeted framework to display their technical skills and their ability to develop rich solutions that meet business needs.

•	Learn about MCTS certifications

•	Learn about MCPD certifications

How to earn your MCAD

Core exams (two exams required)

To fulfill the core certification requirements, pass one exam that is focused on either Web Application Development or Windows Application Development in the language of your choice. Then pass one Web Services and Server Components exam.

Elective exams (one exam required)

Besides the core exam requirements, you must also pass one elective exam that provides proof of expertise with a specific Microsoft server product.

The following tables list official Microsoft Learning courses and Microsoft Press books that are designed to help MCAD candidates prepare for the required exams. See individual exam preparation guides for exam availability.

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Core exams: Web or Windows Application Development

Core exams (one exam required)	Classroom training	Microsoft E-Learning	Microsoft Press books
Exam 70-3051,2: Developing and Implementing Web Applications with Microsoft Visual Basic .NET and Microsoft Visual Studio .NET	Course 2310: Developing Microsoft ASP.NET Web Applications Using Visual Studio .NET (five days) Course 2389: Programming ADO.NET (three days) Course 2640: Upgrading Web Development Skills from ASP to Microsoft ASP.NET	Course 2310: Developing Microsoft ASP.NET Web Applications Using Visual Studio .NET (17 hours) Course 2640: Upgrading Web Development Skills from ASP to Microsoft ASP.NET (14 hours) Course 2389: Programming with Microsoft ADO.NET (18 hours)	MCAD/MCSD Self-Paced Training Kit: Developing Web Applications with Microsoft Visual Basic .NET and Microsoft Visual C# .NET, Second Edition MCAD/MCSD Self-Paced Training Kit: Microsoft .NET Core Requirements, Exams 70-305/70-315, 70-306/70-316, 70-310/70-320, and 70-300 Microsoft ADO.NET Step by Step
Exam 70–3061,2: Developing and Implementing Windows-based Applications with Microsoft Visual Basic .NET and Microsoft Visual Studio .NET	Course 2565: Developing Microsoft .NET Applications for Windows (Visual Basic .NET) (five days) Course 2389: Programming with Microsoft ADO.NET (three days)	Course 2565: Developing Microsoft .NET Applications for Windows (Visual Basic .NET) (13 hours) Course 2389: Programming with Microsoft ADO.NET (18 hours)	MCAD/MCSD Self-Paced Training Kit: Developing Windows Based Applications with Microsoft Visual Basic .NET and Microsoft Visual C# .NET, Second Edition MCAD/MCSD Self-Paced Training Kit: Microsoft .NET Core Requirements, Exams 70-305/70-315, 70-306/70-316, 70-310/70-320, and 70-300 Microsoft ADO.NET Step by Step
Exam 70–3151,2: Developing and Implementing Web Applications with Microsoft Visual C# .NET and Microsoft Visual Studio .NET	Course 2310: Developing Microsoft ASP.NET Web Applications Using Visual Studio .NET (five days) Course 2389: Programming with Microsoft ADO.NET (three days) Course 2640: Upgrading Web Development Skills from ASP to Microsoft ASP.NET	Course 2310: Developing Microsoft ASP.NET Web Applications Using Visual Studio .NET (17 hours) Course 2640: Upgrading Web Development Skills from ASP to Microsoft ASP.NET (14 hours) Course 2389: Programming with Microsoft ADO.NET (18 hours)	MCAD/MCSD Self-Paced Training Kit: Developing Web Applications with Microsoft Visual Basic .NET and Microsoft Visual C# .NET, Second Edition MCAD/MCSD Self-Paced Training Kit: Microsoft .NET Core Requirements, Exams 70-305/70-315, 70-306/70-316, 70-310/70-320, and 70-300 Microsoft ADO.NET Step by Step
Exam 70–3161,2: Developing and Implementing Windows-based Applications with Microsoft Visual C# .NET and Microsoft Visual Studio .NET	Course 2555: Developing Microsoft .NET Applications for Windows (Visual C# .NET) (five days) Course 2389: Programming with Microsoft ADO.NET (three days)	Course 2555: Developing Microsoft .NET Applications for Windows (Visual C# .NET) (14 hours) Course 2389: Programming with Microsoft ADO.NET (18 hours)	Microsoft ADO.NET Step by Step MCAD/MCSD Self-Paced Training Kit: Developing Windows-Based Applications with Microsoft Visual Basic .NET and Microsoft Visual C# .NET, Second Edition MCAD/MCSD Self-Paced Training Kit: Microsoft .NET Core Requirements, Exams 70-305/70-315, 70-306/70-316, 70-310/70-320, and 70-300

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Core exams: Web Services and Server Components Development

Core exams (one exam required)	Classroom training	Microsoft E-Learning	Microsoft Press books
Exam 70–3101,2: Developing XML Web Services and Server Components with Microsoft Visual Basic .NET and the Microsoft .NET Framework	Course 2524: Developing XML Web Services Using Microsoft ASP.NET (three days) Course 2557: Building COM+ Applications Using Microsoft .NET Enterprise Services (five days) Course 2389: Programming with Microsoft ADO.NET (three days) Course 2663: Programming with XML in the Microsoft .NET Framework	Course 2524: Developing XML Web Services Using Microsoft ASP.NET (12 hours) Course 2557: Building COM+ Applications Using Microsoft .NET Enterprise Services (22 hours) Course 2389: Programming with Microsoft ADO.NET (18 hours)	MCAD/MCSD Self-Paced Training Kit: Developing Windows-Based Applications with Microsoft Visual Basic .NET and Microsoft Visual C# .NET, Second Edition MCAD/MCSD Self-Paced Training Kit: Microsoft .NET Core Requirements, Exams 70-305/70-315, 70-306/70-316, 70-310/70-320, and 70-300
Exam 70–3201,2: Developing XML Web Services and Server Components with Microsoft Visual C# and the Microsoft .NET Framework	Course 2524: Developing XML Web Services Using Microsoft ASP.NET (three days) Course 2557: Building COM+ Applications Using Microsoft .NET Enterprise Services (five days) Course 2389: Programming with Microsoft ADO.NET (three days) Course 2663: Programming with XML in the Microsoft .NET Framework	Course 2524: Developing XML Web Services Using Microsoft ASP.NET (12 hours) Course 2557: Building COM+ Applications Using Microsoft .NET Enterprise Services (22 hours)	MCAD/MCSD Self-Paced Training Kit: Developing Windows-Based Applications with Microsoft Visual Basic .NET and Microsoft Visual C# .NET, Second Edition MCAD/MCSD Self-Paced Training Kit: Microsoft .NET Core Requirements, Exams 70-305/70-315, 70-306/70-316, 70-310/70-320, and 70-300

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Elective exams

Elective exams (one exam required)	Classroom training	Microsoft E-Learning	Microsoft Press books
Exam 70–2292: Designing and Implementing Databases with Microsoft SQL Server 2000 Enterprise Edition	Course 2073: Programming a Microsoft SQL Server 2000 Database (five days) (Prerequisite) Course 2071: Querying Microsoft SQL Server 2000 with Transact-SQL (two days)	There is no Microsoft E-Learning training currently available.	MCAD/MCSE/MCDBA Self-Paced Training Kit: Microsoft SQL Server 2000 Database Design and Implementation, Exam 70-229, Second Edition
Exam 70–2303: Designing and Implementing Solutions with Microsoft BizTalk Server 2000 Enterprise Edition	There is no classroom training currently available.	There is no Microsoft E-Learning training currently available.	MCSE Training Kit: Microsoft BizTalk Server 2000 (Exam 70–230) This book is out of print. Check with your local retailer for availability.
Exam 70–2343: Designing and Implementing Solutions with Microsoft Commerce Server 2000	Course 2185: Deploying and Managing Microsoft Commerce Server 2000 (two days)	There is no Microsoft E-Learning training currently available.	Microsoft Commerce Server 2000 Pocket Consultant Microsoft Commerce Server 2000 Resource Kit
Exam 70-235: TS: Developing Business Process and Integration Solutions Using Microsoft Biztalk Server 2006	Course 2933: Developing Business Process and Integration Solutions Using Microsoft BizTalk Server 2006 (five days) Course 2934: Deploying and Managing Business Process and Integration Solutions Using Microsoft BizTalk Server 2006 (two days)	There is no Microsoft E-Learning training currently available.	There are no Microsoft Press books currently available.
Exam 70-3051,2, 70-3061,2, 70-3151,2, or 70-3161,2 If you use Exam 70-305 or 70-315 to satisfy the core exam requirement, you may use either Exam 70-306 or 70-316 as an elective. If you use Exam 70-306 or 70-316 to satisfy the core exam requirement, you may use either Exam 70-305 or 70-315 as an elective.	Exam 70-305 Course 2310: Developing Microsoft ASP.NET Web Applications Using Visual Studio .NET (five days) Course 2389: Programming with Microsoft ADO.NET (three days) Course 2640: Upgrading Web Development Skills from ASP to Microsoft ASP.NET Exam 70-306 Course 2565: Developing Microsoft .NET Applications for Windows (Visual Basic .NET) (five days) Course 2389: Programming with Microsoft ADO.NET (three days) Exam 70-315 Course 2310: Developing Microsoft ASP.NET Web Applications Using Visual Studio .NET (five days) Course 2389: Programming with Microsoft ADO.NET (three days) Course 2640: Upgrading Web Development Skills from ASP to Microsoft ASP.NET Exam 70-316 Course 2555: Developing Microsoft .NET Applications for Windows (Visual C# .NET) (five days) Course 2389: Programming with Microsoft ADO.NET (three days)	Exam 70-305 Course 2310: Developing Microsoft ASP.NET Web Applications Using Visual Studio .NET (17 hours) Course 2640: Upgrading Web Development Skills from ASP to Microsoft ASP.NET (14 hours) Course 2389: Programming with Microsoft ADO.NET (18 hours) Exam 70-306 Course 2565: Developing Microsoft .NET Applications for Windows (Visual Basic .NET) (13 hours) Course 2389: Programming with Microsoft ADO.NET (18 hours) Exam 70-315 Course 2310: Developing Microsoft ASP.NET Web Applications Using Visual Studio .NET (17 hours) Course 2640: Upgrading Web Development Skills from ASP to Microsoft ASP.NET (14 hours) Course 2389: Programming with Microsoft ADO.NET (18 hours) Exam 70-316 Course 2555: Developing Microsoft .NET Applications for Windows (Visual C# .NET) (14 hours) Course 2389: Programming with Microsoft ADO.NET (18 hours)	MCAD/MCSD Self-Paced Training Kit: Developing Web Applications with Microsoft Visual Basic .NET and Microsoft Visual C# .NET, Second Edition Microsoft ADO.NET Step by Step MCAD/MCSD Self-Paced Training Kit: Microsoft .NET Core Requirements, Exams 70-305/70-315, 70-306/70-316, 70-310/70-320, and 70-300
Exam 70–3302: Implementing Security for Applications with Microsoft Visual Basic .NET	Course 2840: Implementing Security for Applications (five days) Course 2350: Developing and Deploying Secure Microsoft .NET	There is no Microsoft E-Learning training currently available.	MCAD/MCSD Self-Paced Training Kit: Implementing Security for Applications with Microsoft Visual Basic .NET and Microsoft Visual C# .NET. Microsoft ADO.NET Step by Step
Exam 70–3402: Implementing Security for Applications with Microsoft Visual C# .NET	Course 2840: Implementing Security for Applications (five days) Course 2350: Developing and Deploying Secure Microsoft .NET Framework Applications (three days)	There is no Microsoft E-Learning training currently available.	MCAD/MCSD Self-Paced Training Kit: Implementing Security for Applications with Microsoft Visual Basic .NET and Microsoft Visual C# .NET
Exam 70-431: TS: Microsoft SQL Server 2005 – Implementation and Maintenance	Course 2779: Implementing a Microsoft SQL Server 2005 Database (three days) Course 2780: Maintaining a Microsoft SQL Server 2005 Database (three days)	Collection 2778: Writing Queries Using Microsoft SQL Server 2005 Transact-SQL (18-hour series) Collection 2936: Installing and Securing Microsoft SQL Server 2005	MCTS Self-Paced Training Kit (Exam 70-431): Implementing and Maintaining Microsoft SQL Server 2005 Microsoft SQL Server 2005: Database Essentials Step by Step Programming Microsoft SQL Server 2005
Exam 74-135: Developing E-Business Solutions Using Microsoft BizTalk Server 2004	Course 2157: Developing E-Business Solutions Using Microsoft BizTalk Server 2004 Course 2158: Deploying and Managing E-Business Solutions Using Microsoft BizTalk Server 2004	There is no Microsoft E-Learning training currently available.	There are no Microsoft Press books currently available.

¹In the following combinations, candidates will receive credit for only one of the two exams: 70-305 or 70-315, 70-306 or 70-316, 70-310 or 70-320.

Answering questions

Hi guys i have been busy these days but i still take out time to answer ASP.NET questions on codeproject.com.

Its a great site hey wont be writing too much right now but if you have any asp.net question feel free to ask me will try my best to solve them.
post it in the comments section.

Thanks.

How to By Pass Proxy

Sorry for the delay in posting articles was busy.

If you guys want to write a code to bypass proxy then this is a col article written on c-sharpcirner. Check it out and enjoy.
http://www.c-sharpcorner.com/UploadFile/shivani/HowToByPassProxy12012005235449PM/HowToByPassProxy.aspx

Visual Studio Shortcuts

Hi
Will be making a new blog which will have all the knowledge i have about stocks and stock market.
Its always good 2 share ur knowledge 2 the world as sharing will never deplete u of ur knowledge but may be increase u r knowledge or better correct u if ur wrong. There are many stock market experts out there who know more about the stock market then i ever could but all of them keep their knowledge to themselves come on man share it. Make someone else happy 2 man. Neways this blog will strictly be technial that is about ASP.NET, C# etc. If u have ne doubt feel free to post ur queries here in the comments section. Will be glad to help. Also will be trying to put my queries here so that u all can answer them as i donot know everything n everyone needs help dude.

Lets start with some shortcuts in Visual Studio believe me they make u r life much easier.
Ctrl+Shift+B Build Solution
ctrl+F5 Start without debugging
F5 Start with debugging
ctrl (R+R) Word wrap
Ctrl-Shift-S Saves all documents and projects
F7 Switches from the design view to the code view in the editor
Shift-F7 Switches from the code view to the design view in the editor
Ctrl-End Moves the cursor to the end of the document
Ctrl-Home Moves the cursor to the start of the document
Ctrl-G Displays the Go to Line dialog. If the debugger is running, the dialog also lets you specify addresses or function names to go to
Ctrl-] Moves the cursor to the matching brace in the document. If the cursor is on an opening brace, this will move to the corresponding closing brace and vice versa
Ctrl-K, Ctrl-N Moves to the next bookmark in the document
Ctrl-K, Ctrl-P Moves to the previous bookmark
Ctrl-K, Ctrl-I Displays Quick Info, based on the current language
Ctrl-Down Arrow Scrolls text down one line but does not move the cursor. This is useful for scrolling more text into view without losing your place. Available only in text editors
Ctrl-Up Arrow Scrolls text up one line but does not move the cursor. Available only in text editors
Ctrl-Right Arrow Moves the cursor one word to the right
Ctrl-Left Arrow Moves the cursor one word to the left
Tab Indents the currently selected line or lines by one tab stop. If there is no selection, this inserts a tab stop
Shift-Tab Moves current line or selected lines one tab stop to the left
Backspace or
Shift-Backspace Deletes one character to the left of the cursor
Ctrl-K, Ctrl-C Marks the current line or selected lines of code as a comment, using the correct comment syntax for the programming language
Ctrl-K, Ctrl-U Removes the comment syntax from the current line or currently selected lines of code

Hope u liked the shortcuts we will have more discussion on technical things later.

Timer Project

Hi Guys

This is a project to get used to Time in C#.

Open a Windows Form in C#.

using System;

using System.Drawing;

using System.Collections;

using System.ComponentModel;

using System.Windows.Forms;

using System.Data;
namespace TimerDemo

{

///

/// Summary description for Form1.

///

public class TimerDemo : System.Windows.Forms.Form

{

private System.Windows.Forms.Timer Clock;

private System.Windows.Forms.Label lbTime;

private System.Windows.Forms.Button btnStart;

protected string TimeInString;

protected int count;

private System.Windows.Forms.TextBox txtcheck;

private System.ComponentModel.IContainer components;
public TimerDemo()

{

// // Required for Windows Form Designer support

//

InitializeComponent();
// // TODO: Add any constructor code after InitializeComponent

}
public string GetTime()

{

int sec=0;

count +=sec;

return count.ToString();

}
///

/// Clean up any resources being used.

///

protected override void Dispose( bool disposing )

{

if( disposing )

{

if (components != null)

{

components.Dispose();

}

}

base.Dispose( disposing );

}
#region Windows Form Designer generated code

///

/// Required method for Designer support - do not modify

/// the contents of this method with the code editor.

///

private void InitializeComponent()

{

this.components = new System.ComponentModel.Container();

System.Resources.ResourceManager resources = new System.Resources.ResourceManager(typeof(TimerDemo));

this.lbTime = new System.Windows.Forms.Label();

this.Clock = new System.Windows.Forms.Timer(this.components);

this.btnStart = new System.Windows.Forms.Button();

this.txtcheck = new System.Windows.Forms.TextBox();

this.SuspendLayout();

// // lbTime //

this.lbTime.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(40, 64);

this.lbTime.Name = "lbTime";

this.lbTime.TabIndex = 0;

// // Clock //

this.Clock.Tick += new System.EventHandler(this.Timer_Tick);

// // btnStart //

this.btnStart.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(40, 104);

this.btnStart.Name = "btnStart";

this.btnStart.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(64, 24);

this.btnStart.TabIndex = 1;

this.btnStart.Text = "Start";

this.btnStart.Click += new System.EventHandler(this.btnStart_Click);

// // txtcheck //

this.txtcheck.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(48, 152);

this.txtcheck.Name = "txtcheck";

this.txtcheck.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(64, 20);

this.txtcheck.TabIndex = 2; this.txtcheck.Text = "";

// // TimerDemo //

this.AutoScaleBaseSize = new System.Drawing.Size(5, 13);

this.ClientSize = new System.Drawing.Size(292, 266);

this.Controls.Add(this.txtcheck);

this.Controls.Add(this.btnStart);

this.Controls.Add(this.lbTime);

this.Icon = ((System.Drawing.Icon)(resources.GetObject("$this.Icon")));

this.Name = "TimerDemo";

this.Text = "Timer Demo";

this.ResumeLayout(false);
}

#endregion
///

/// The main entry point for the application.

///

[STAThread] static void Main()

{

Application.Run(new TimerDemo());

}
private void Timer_Tick(object sender, System.EventArgs e)

{

if(sender==Clock)

{

//lbTime.Text=GetTime();

int t=Convert.ToInt32(lbTime.Text);

int s=(t+1);

lbTime.Text=s.ToString();

if(lbTime.Text == txtcheck.Text)

{

Clock.Stop();

MessageBox.Show("The Timer Has Stooped","Timer Stopped",System.Windows.Forms.MessageBoxButtons.OK);

}

}
}
private void btnStart_Click(object sender, System.EventArgs e)

{

Clock=new Timer();

Clock.Interval=1000;

Clock.Start();

Clock.Tick+=new EventHandler(Timer_Tick);
this.Controls.Add(lbTime);

lbTime.BackColor=Color.Black;

lbTime.ForeColor=Color.Red;

lbTime.Font=new Font("Times New Roman",15);

lbTime.Text=GetTime();

}

}

}

Disclaimer:Visitors who use this website and rely on any information do so at their own risk.
We are not responsible for the contents or reliability of any other websites to which we provide a link and do not necessarily endorse the views expressed within them.
While we have made efforts to ensure the accuracy of our content (consisting of
articles and information), neither this website nor the author shall be held responsible for
any losses/ incidents suffered by people accessing, using or is supplied with the content.

Hi Guys my first tutorial on ASP.NET. I have thought many students ASP.NET but never written ne tutorials on the web. But hope this helps as i teach thsi tutorial from the very basic level as i do with my students. So lets start with the basic of we development. Please leave comments as taht helps to give u'll a better quality tutorial also tell me what else needs to be added here.
If u r web developer then u have definitely heard about Client Side and Server Side scripting. Well when the term server side comes it usually meand some server side technology used liek ASP.NET, php, jsp etc. Here we discuss about ASP.NET.ASP.NET as stated above is a servers ide technology. It does the server side coding of the website. Similarly there is a client side scripting.This involves javascript which is heavily used now-a-days. Client side as teh name suggest deals with the client side. The client side may involve things like validations for a from like a email form or ne website registration form which then is send to the server. Suppose that the email text is kept blank and still the form is send to the server. Theserver will throw an error whch will obviously waste bandwidth n more importantly time. Hence the client side scripting does such validations. Javascript now though is used for many othe fancy things like mouse trail etc.
The server side usually deals with all the database activities and all the activities that are secure. Whereas client side does not deal with ne secure thing as it is on teh client side n is not safe. Now-a-days Ajax is used which does a lot oftiem saving but we will not discuss that as that is advanced javascript.As we are using .NET framework there are certain things u should know about this .NET.What is .NET? .NET is nothing but a framework developed by Microsoft. All the code written in .NET is not directly compiled into machine code but into Intermediate Language. This is then converted to machine language by the .NET framework. Hence .NET framework needs to be installed in the machine where u r going to run the .NET code. ASP.NET uses IIS server to host the website.
We will be posting more tutorials check out the blog.

Disclaimer:Visitors who use this website and rely on any information do so at their own risk. We are not responsible for the contents or reliability of any other websites to which we provide a link and do not necessarily endorse the views expressed within them. While we have made efforts to ensure the accuracy of our content (consisting of articles and information), neither this website nor the author shall be held responsible for any losses/ incidents suffered by people accessing, using or is supplied with the content.

Motivational Thoughts

I guys
I know the title of the blog n the name of the url do not match but hey the url of the title was already taken.
But dont worry will be putting in a whole lotta content about ASP.NET C# etc.

Neways for starting lets start wth something motivational. Reading motivational thoughts encourages me it will surely encourage n motivate u 2.

I learned that if you want to make it bad enough, no matter how bad it is, you can make it.
Gale Sayers

Where there's a will there's a way.
English Proverb

Determination gives you the resolve to keep going in spite of the roadblocks that lay before you.
Denis Waitley

The surest way not to fail is to determine to succeed.
Richard B. Sheridan

If you really want something, you can figure out how to make it happen.
Cher

A determined person will do more with a pen and paper, than a lazy person will accomplish with a personal computer.
Catherine Pulsifer

The difference between the impossible and the possible lies in a person's determination.
Tommy Lasorda

If you doubt you can accomplish something, then you can't accomplish it. You have to have confidence in your ability, and then be tough enough to follow through.
Rosalyn Carter

What this power is I cannot say; all I know is that it exists and it becomes available only when a man is in that state of mind in which he knows exactly what he wants and is fully determined not to quit until he finds it.
Alexander Graham Bell